IGCSE Coordinated Science June 2010- Paper 4 Part 2

(c) The formula for Momentum= Mass x Velocity

The mass here is 400,000 kg and the Velocity is 60m/s so the momentum will be

= 400,000 x 60
=24000000 Kg m/s Remember units !!

(d). After finishing reading this question, you can pretty much deduct that you are supposed to draw
 1.Four cells
 2. A switch
 3. A lamp.

Draw a rectangular box and fit these components mentioned above in series, or inorder words, make sure they are connected in the same line.

(ii) Well, there are four cells, each with a voltage of 1.5 V so we simply multiply 1.5 four times to arrive at 6V.

Weimar Republic Part 2

Throughout the reign of the Weimar Republic, there were some crises that occurred.

This blog post will explore some of the crises the Weimar Republic faced.

Crisis 1: Ruhr Crisis

Remember back in my Treaty of Versailles blog post? One of the terms stipulated that the Germans had to pay a 'reparation', or 'fine' of 6.6 billion dollars. The Germans paid, but not to France's expectations, so in January 1923, French troops marched into the 'Ruhr', which was Germany's most important industrial region.

The Germans responded with 'Passive Resistance', which meant refusing to have anything to do with the French and, in particular, refusing to work. The problem here was that Germany was now losing all that the Ruhr would normally have produced; passive resistance was infact making Germany weaker !  

Crisis 2:  Hyper-inflation

The next crisis was also a very significant economical one. The Germans did not have enough money to pay for the costs of the passive resistance in the Ruhr, so it simply printed more money. For those studying economics, you should know that when a government prints money which it does not have, the value of money goes down and prices go up. This is exactly what happened.

This is called HYPERINFLATION. The effects were disastrous. From the photo on the right, you can see how worthless money became due to hyperinflation. The middle-class, who had savings and pensions, were most greatly affected.

People did not blame the Kaiser for the crisis. They blamed the Weimar Republic, which had agreed to pay reparations.

Crisis 3: The Munich (Beerhall Putsch)

In 1923, the Chancellor of Germany, Gustav Stresemann, decided that Germany would give in to France and continue paying reparations. To those who hated the Republic and particularly to the gangs of right wing extremists who had made the southern state of Bavaria their base, Stresemann's decision was a betrayal. Encouraged by the Bavaria Government, they plotted a putsch against the Reich government. On 8-9 November, Adolf Hitlers NAZI party launched an attempted revolution in Munich. It was easily crushed but it was an example of the violent political extremism and hatred towards the Weimar Republic.

Weimar Republic

After the German 'emperor' was destroyed, a new form of democratic style rule was established, and the new system in which Germany was to be governed was called the 'Wiemar Republic', or in German, Weimarer Republik. This tutorial will explore the constitution of the Weimar Republic and the strengths and weaknesses within the republic.

WEIMAR CONSTITUTION DIAGRAM

The Presdient, in this case, is re-elected every seven years. Also, there was this Article you should acknowledge. The article was numbered 48, and it stated that 'in an emergency the President could make laws without going first to the Reichstag'. This article plays an instrumental role in the rise of the Nazis in the future.

The Reichstag is a bit like the British Parliament. Parties were voted under 'Proportional Representation', where the number of seats each party had was 'directly proportional' to the number of votes they had.

Fredrick Ebert, President of Germany from 1919-1925

Phillip Scheidemann, Chancellor of Germany, 1919

So, thats the constitution. Now we have to appreciate the strengths and weaknesses of the constitution.

Strengths

1. All Germans had equal rights, including the right to vote

2. Proportional Representation made sure that political parties were allocated seats in Parliament in proportion to the number of votes they had. This was fair.

3. A strong president was necessary to keep control over the government and to protect the country in a crisis.

4. Each state had its own traditions. It was right they should keep some control over their own affairs.

Weaknesses

1. In 1919, the Republic had many enemies. It would not be sensible to give equal rights to those who wish to destroy it.

2. Proportional Representation encouraged lots of small parties which each got a small number of MP's. No one party could get a majority, so governments had to be coalitions (many parties together). There could never be a strong government.

3. The President had too much power and he had article 48. There was a chance he may become a dictator.

4. The states could be hostile to the national government, and even try to overthrow it if they had power.

IGCSE Coordinated Science Past Paper---June 2010--Paper 4- Analysis

Question 1

(a) (I) From our knowledge on Blood Circulation, we should acknowledge that the blood is 'oxygenated' after it travels to the lungs and then comes back to the heart. So after traveling to the lungs, the blood flows back to the heart. At here, the blood is oxygenated. And afterwards, when the blood is pumped to the aorta, it is also oxygenated because it will then be carried around the entire body. So this is the Pulmonary Vein and Aorta, therefore, from the model, C and D contain oxygenated blood. C is Aorta and D is the Pulmonary Vein

(II) Blood flows from A to B to D to C in a cycle.  The vein carries the blood TOWARDS the heart. From A to B to D to C, how many times is the blood pumped toward the heart? Once at A in the vena cava ( a type of vein) to transport DeOxygenated blood to the heart and once at D, to transport oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart via the Pulmonary Vein, so A and D are veins.


(III) The Bicuspid valve is located slightly below the 'Left Atrium'. Blood flows to the heart through chamber D. A valve opens and closes as blood flows through, so as the blood flows through chamber D to reach the ventricle, the atrium contracts which forces the bicuspid valve to open. This is a key point.
When the blood flows through the atrium and arrives at the ventricle, when the ventricle contracts to pump blood to the aorta, the bicuspid valve closes.

1b

b. There is more oxygen in the right side of heart in fetus as there is a mix of oxygenated blood from placenta and deoxygenated blood from body tissues.


c. (I)Red blood cells contain hemoglobin, which helps red blood cells carry oxygen.
   
(II) This pigment is out of protein.
   
(III) The mineral needed in the diet to enable the body to make this pigment is iron.  
   
(IV) To approach this problem, think about why foods such as protein and carbohydrates need to be digested. Of course, there too large to simply be absorbed. But inorganic ions are small enough to be directly absorbed, so therefore it does not need to be digested.

 (V) What do we need to survive? We need to respire! And what do we need for respiration to occur? We need OXYGEN!!! So, we need oxygen for respiration to occur to allow our bodies to release energy and ultimately allow us to continue surviving.

2 (a) (I) Ultraviolet radiation harms the skin, and can cause skin cancer. Ultraviolet can also damage DNA.

       (II) Well, what do you do when you go to the beach to prevent being sun-burnt? Well, you can put on sun block/ sun tan, or protective clothing, any will do fine.

 (b) Formula Speed=Distance/Time

You have a distance and a time, so you will use the classic Speed=Distance/Time formula

The distance in this case is 300x2.This is because the echo travels to the wall and comes back, so distance is 600m. And it takes 2 seconds. So plug the numbers into the formula.

 Speed = 600m(Distance)/2seconds (Time)

            = 300 m/s (Remember the units!!!)

 

Who would control Germany after World War I?

Who would control Germany after World War I?

During and before World War I, Germany was controlled by an emperor, and the last emperor to rule Germany from 1888-1918 was Kaiser Wilhelm II. After Germany lost the war, they were forbidden to have an emperor, and Kaiser Wilhelm abdicated (resigned) and fled to Holland.

Now, if Germany was not allowed its traditional 'monarch', emperor style rule, who would govern Germany? By the way, the photo on the left is a picture of Kaiser Wilhelm.

With the Kaiser gone, the social democrats were in charge, but they were by no means, 'In control'.

Remember in the last tutorial? In one of the terms of the treaty? Where the army was limited to only 100,000 men. What happened to the men in excess? Well, they all went home. Actually, not all of them. Some of them started joining parties that wanted to overthrow the Social Democrats.

The Left Wing Revolutionaries wanted a revolution, and they wanted to get rid of the new President of Germany, Fredrick Ebert and essentially govern Germany by themselves.

An example of a left wing organization which attempted to do this came from the Spartacus League, named after a famous Roman gladiator who had led a revolt in Ancient Rome. On 1919, January, the Spartacist made an attempt to overthrow Ebert's newly established government.

However, the Spartacist Uprising was poorly planned and had no chance of success. They did not get the support of other left wing groups. The Uprising was easily crushed by the army and the Freikorps, which were a group of soldiers who had been expelled from the army due to the military restrictions of 100,000 men.

The leaders of the Spartacist Uprising, Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht, were murdered.
Ebert had dealt with the uprising, but at a high price. He had put his government into the hands of the army and the Freikorps, neither which were loyal.

Karl Liebknecht

Rosa Luxemburg

After the Treaty of Versailles, another attempted revolution occurred. In 1920, March, Freikorps units led by Wolfgang Kapp marched into Berline and declared a new national government. The army did not stop them.

To stop this revolution, Ebert appealed to the workers to help them. The workers started a strike and this strike was so successful that Kapp's Putsch , the declaration of the new government, was destroyed. Those who participated in the putsch were not punished.

Set Notation

Special Number Sets

There are some number sets we refer to frequently and so we give them special symbols. Be sure to be very familiar with these special number sets as they may as well be tested in your algebra exam.

N is the natural numbers. This is also known as the counting numbers. 

Such numbers are numbers like 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 and may include 0 but must not be less than 0.

It can be any number equal or larger than 0 that is a WHOLE number...For example, you can have 432634623. Its a whole number. But you cannot have 8.8. Its a decimal. 

Integers

Z is a representation of all the integers. This includes ALL the whole numbers. Quite similar to all natural numbers but this time you can include Negative numbers such as -77.

Real Numbers

R is a representation of all real numbers, or basically any number you can think of. It can be a whole number, a decimal, a irrational function, any number that exists.

German History- Treaty of Versailles Part 2

If you read the last blog on the Terms of the Treaty of Versailles, you will probably realize that the Germans did not like the Treaty. Who would? I mean, who would want to pay 6.6 billion dollars...

So, the Germans hated the treaty..But why??

1. The Germans believed they had not lost the war, but instead was 'stabbed on the back' by the 'November Criminals'(Communist, Jews). Prominent Generals in the German army during World War I such as Erich Ludendroff encouraged this view. They believed if it wasn't for these weak politicians aka November Criminals, Germany would continue fighting to preserve its honor and glory.

2. The Germans thought the Treaty of Versailles would be like the 14 points Woodrow Wilson, the President of the United states stated. The 14 points was a series of points which would promote World peace such as setting up a League of nations and it was oriented towards a peaceful treaty and that Germany should be given a chance to recover. The treaty was no where like that, as from the actual terms of the Treaty of Versailles, you should be able to tell that it wasn't giving Germany any chances to recover.

3. The Germans were not invited to any of the negotiations, which the Germans perceived as a 'diktat', dictated peace.

4. The Germans had to follow Article 231, which meant they were to blame for the war. In the German view, they had been forced into the war due to its alliance with other European nations. They did not believe they should receive sole blame for the war.

So, here are the reasons why the Germans hated the Treaty of Versailles. Here are only a few points, but they are quite significant and will be enough to score you full marks in your answer if you write it up in a logical order.

If you want to find out more reasons why the Germans hated the treaty, feel free to search google.